Chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs) take six or seven years to move up to the stratosphere and the winds spread them all round the world.Extreme cold, a freezing vortex wind, frozen stratospheric clouds and 6-month darkness over Antarctica all provide ideal conditions for chlorine to break from the CFCs.The chlorine (and bromine) gases destroy the ozone during spring (Sept to Dec) and this is what causes the ozone hole.More detail:Chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs) and related halocarbon gases are the main cause of ozone depletion all over the world. CFCs released from Western countries take several years to reach the stratosphere where the ozone layer is. During that time winds spread them all over the world. In the presence of ultraviolet light these gases release chlorine and bromine atoms which destroy some of the ozone in the ozone layer. This is called ozone depletion. The ozone hole is a related but different phenomenon. The hole is Antarctica occurs in the spring (September to December). It begins with this overall ozone thinning, but it is assisted by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PS clouds). During the extreme cold of winter, with no sun for six months, polar winds create a vortex which traps and chills the air; the temperature is below -80 Celsius. The ice in these PS clouds provides surfaces for the chemical reactions that destroy the ozone. This needs light to kick-start the reactions.In spring the sun rises above the horizon and provides energy which starts the photochemical reactions. The clouds melt and the trapped compounds (chlorine and chlorine monoxide from the CFCs) are released. Ozone in the lower stratosphere is destroyed and the ozone hole appears.By the end of spring warmer December temperatures break up the vortex and destroy the PS clouds. Sunlight starts creating ozone again and the hole begins to repair.(A similar hole in the Arctic [but smaller because of warmer temperatures] occurs during spring.)
What are the natural resources of Antarctica?
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What are the natural resources of Antarctica?
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Antarcticas most abundant natural resource is data that scientists study to learn more about the health of planet earth.Natural Resources, in the extractive sense, are not available to anyone under the Antarctic Treaty, as below.__________________________________________The main natural resources present in Antarctica are coal, particularly across the Trans-Atlantic Mountains, and iron ore. The Ross Sea also has oil and gas present. However, none of these are permitted to be mined until at least 2048. The Antarctic Treaty (1959) preserves the resources and ecosystem for strictly scientific purposes.The ocean waters around the continent are fished in some areas under various quotas, limitations, and treaties, notably the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in 1982.Available resources include:waterplatinumiron orecopperleadcobaltchromiumnickelmanganeseuraniumAntarcticas best natural resource is the platform it presents to scientists to study the health of planet earth. It is, after all, a continent dedicated to science, with no plunder of any kind allowed in order to profit from its natural resources.No other natural resource has been discovered, because no exploratory work is allowed on the continent under The Antarctic Treaty.
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Scientific expeditions have found valuable minerals in some of these Antarctic areas, including antimony, chromium, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, tin, uranium, and zinc. None approach a grade or size warranting economic interest. Also noneconomic are the very large deposits of coal and sedimentary iron.
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