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Why take an icebreaker ship to Antarctica?

Antarctica

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goldenkoala386 Discussion Fanatics last edited by

Why take an icebreaker ship to Antarctica?
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lazyostrich587 Discussion Fanatics last edited by

If they are designed to push their way through solid continuous ice as well, they are ice-breakers. Icebreakers are needed if there is a shipping route to keep ice free, if there are military reasons for patrolling in areas with heavy sea ice or if you need to work in heavy ice conditions, particularly in winter.
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brownbear318 Discussion Fanatics last edited by

Taking an icebreaker ship to Antarctica is an advantage. You have a quick form of transport, and if you get stuck in ice, the icebreaker part of the ship is there to help!
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How does leopard seals adapt to Antarctica?
Antarctica • leopard seals seals adapt antarctica leopard seals • • greenmouse228

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During the Antarctic summer (November-April), leopard seals hunt among the pack ice surrounding the Antarctic continent, spending almost all of their time (except for breeding) in the water. In the winter (May-October) they range northward to the sub-Antarctic islands.
Why is an ozone hole formed only above Antarctica and not over developed countries that emit a lot of CFCs?
Antarctica • ozone hole hole formed developed countries antarctica cfcs • • smalllion207

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Chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs) take six or seven years to move up to the stratosphere and the winds spread them all round the world.Extreme cold, a freezing vortex wind, frozen stratospheric clouds and 6-month darkness over Antarctica all provide ideal conditions for chlorine to break from the CFCs.The chlorine (and bromine) gases destroy the ozone during spring (Sept to Dec) and this is what causes the ozone hole.More detail:Chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs) and related halocarbon gases are the main cause of ozone depletion all over the world. CFCs released from Western countries take several years to reach the stratosphere where the ozone layer is. During that time winds spread them all over the world. In the presence of ultraviolet light these gases release chlorine and bromine atoms which destroy some of the ozone in the ozone layer. This is called ozone depletion. The ozone hole is a related but different phenomenon. The hole is Antarctica occurs in the spring (September to December). It begins with this overall ozone thinning, but it is assisted by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PS clouds). During the extreme cold of winter, with no sun for six months, polar winds create a vortex which traps and chills the air; the temperature is below -80 Celsius. The ice in these PS clouds provides surfaces for the chemical reactions that destroy the ozone. This needs light to kick-start the reactions.In spring the sun rises above the horizon and provides energy which starts the photochemical reactions. The clouds melt and the trapped compounds (chlorine and chlorine monoxide from the CFCs) are released. Ozone in the lower stratosphere is destroyed and the ozone hole appears.By the end of spring warmer December temperatures break up the vortex and destroy the PS clouds. Sunlight starts creating ozone again and the hole begins to repair.(A similar hole in the Arctic [but smaller because of warmer temperatures] occurs during spring.)
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What are the natural resources of Antarctica?
Antarctica • natural resources antarctica natural resources • • organicgorilla832

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Scientific expeditions have found valuable minerals in some of these Antarctic areas, including antimony, chromium, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, tin, uranium, and zinc. None approach a grade or size warranting economic interest. Also noneconomic are the very large deposits of coal and sedimentary iron.
How much daylight in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica daylight • • brownzebra122

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What languages are spoken in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica languages spoken • • ticklishzebra887

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There are no countries on the Antarctic continent. Therefore, there are no native languages or indigenous populations. Scientists from all over the world work there temporarily, and speak the languages of their home countries.Most science research on the continent is formalized in English and some in French. Governments representing 80% of the earths population conduct science on Antarctica, and of course, conduct this research in their own language.The continent is preserved for science under the directives of The Antarctic Treaty. For the purposes of sharing scientific data, English is a standard with French used when necessary.Antarctica is not a country, and therefore has no official language.The continent is dedicated to the scientific health of planet Earth. The language of science is generally English, with a secondary option of French.All scientists and workers temporarily located in research stations usually speak the language of the nation-state that supports the station.People who live and work on Antarctica temporarily, speak the native language of the country that has hired them.Antarctica doesnt have a major language. Each group of scientists speak the language of their country.There are no Antarctic people. The only people who live on Antarctica are scientists, military, and support personnel who are rotated in and out for periods of a few months to a few years at a time.The Antarctic Treaty was signed by governments representing about 80% of the earths population.Scientific stations funded by these governments speak their native languages.
Who lives in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica lives • • silvermouse523

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There are no native human populations in Antarctica. Only researchers and support staff from many different nations live there for a time while they are doing their work. Its not a particularly hospitable place.People live on the Antarctic continent because they have jobs representing their governments. Governments pursue science in Antarctica, and support scientists interested in the study the health of planet earth.There are no countries on Antarctica and no permanent population. Many countries have scientific research stations on Antarctica, most of which are only manned during the summer months.
What is the southernmost seal in Antarctica?
Antarctica • southernmost seal antarctica southernmost seal • • bigbird816

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The elephant seal is the southern most seal.
How is Antarctica different from other continents?
Antarctica • antarctica continents • • greenfish900

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There are no countries on Antarctica and no permanent population. Many countries support scientific research stations on Antarctica. The South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica. Because Antarctica is a polar region, one with no precipitation, it has no lakes or rivers and is in fact Earths driest continent. Average temperatures in the Antarctic interior get down to -70 degrees Celsius during the winter months and -35 degrees Celsius in the warmer months. The coastal temperatures are much warmer with a range of -15 to -32 Celsius in Winter and -5 to 5 Celsius in Summer. The interior of Antarctica is considered the worlds driest desert because the extreme cold freezes water vapour out of the air. Annual snowfall on the polar plateau is equivalent to less than 5 cm of rain. The Antarctic Treaty governs its use and management. It contains no significant vegetation: it does not rain, it is permanently covered in an ice pack up to 4 Km thick, it has the coldest recorded temperature anywhere in the world (-89.5 C), with katabatic winds reaching to 320 kph. Antarctica is colder and more heavily glaciated than any other continent, and it has no permanent residents, although there is a scientific research station there. A number of nations have made territorial claims on portions of Antarctica, however, there are no countries there, unlike other continents. When you enter Antarctica, there is no Immigration and customs procedure once you have cleared the immigration and customs of the last country you visited en route to the continent. It was the last continent to be discovered and have humans set foot on it. Apart from all that, it is pretty ordinary.

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How does leopard seals adapt to Antarctica? Antarctica • leopard seals seals adapt antarctica leopard seals • • greenmouse228

Why is an ozone hole formed only above Antarctica and not over developed countries that emit a lot of CFCs? Antarctica • ozone hole hole formed developed countries antarctica cfcs • • smalllion207

What are the natural resources of Antarctica? Antarctica • natural resources antarctica natural resources • • organicgorilla832

How much daylight in Antarctica? Antarctica • antarctica daylight • • brownzebra122

What languages are spoken in Antarctica? Antarctica • antarctica languages spoken • • ticklishzebra887

Who lives in Antarctica? Antarctica • antarctica lives • • silvermouse523

What is the southernmost seal in Antarctica? Antarctica • southernmost seal antarctica southernmost seal • • bigbird816

How is Antarctica different from other continents? Antarctica • antarctica continents • • greenfish900

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How does leopard seals adapt to Antarctica?
Antarctica • leopard seals seals adapt antarctica leopard seals • • greenmouse228

Why is an ozone hole formed only above Antarctica and not over developed countries that emit a lot of CFCs?
Antarctica • ozone hole hole formed developed countries antarctica cfcs • • smalllion207

What are the natural resources of Antarctica?
Antarctica • natural resources antarctica natural resources • • organicgorilla832

How much daylight in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica daylight • • brownzebra122

What languages are spoken in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica languages spoken • • ticklishzebra887

Who lives in Antarctica?
Antarctica • antarctica lives • • silvermouse523

What is the southernmost seal in Antarctica?
Antarctica • southernmost seal antarctica southernmost seal • • bigbird816

How is Antarctica different from other continents?
Antarctica • antarctica continents • • greenfish900